Theorists

Paper 1:
- News Q1 (Named Theory)
- News Q4

Paper 2:
- TV Drama Q, (30 Marks) LIAR

Representation
Stuart Hall - Representation (N+TV)
Ideas that representation of meaning through language, with language defined in its broadcast sense as a system of signs

David Gauntlett - Identity (N+TV)
The idea that the media provide us with tools or resources that we use to construct our identities

Van Zoonen - Feminist Theory (Patriarchy)
idea that gender is constructed through discourse, and that its meaning varies according to cultural and historical context

bell hooks - Feminist Theory (Power) (N+TV)
idea that feminism is a struggle to end sexist/patriarchal oppression and the ideology of domination

Judith Butler - Gender Performativity (N+TV)
idea that identity is performatively constructed by the very expressions that are said to be its results

Paul Gilroy - Ethnicity and Post-Colonial
idea that colonial discourses continue to inform contemporary attitudes to race and ethnicity, in the postcolonial era

Audience
Albert Bandura - Media Effects (N)
idea that the media can implant ideas in the mind of the audience directly.

George Gerbner - Cultivation (N)
idea that exposure to repeated patterns of representation over long periods of time can shape and influence the way on which people perceive the world around them

Stuart Hall - Reception (N+TV)
idea that the communication is a process involving encoding by producers and decoding by audiences

Henry Jenkins - Fandom (TV)
idea that fans are active participants in the construction and circulation of textual meanings

Clay Shirky - End of Audience (N+TV)
idea that the internet and digital technologies have had a profound effect on the relations between media and individuals

Language
Roland Barthes - Semiotics (N+TV)
idea that texts communicate their meanings through a process of significants

Todorov - Narratology (TV)
idea that all narratives share a basic structure that involves a movement from one state equilibrium to another

Steve Neale - Genre (N+TV)
idea that genres may be dominated by repetition, but are also marketed by difference, variation and change

Claude Levi-Strauss (N+TV)
idea that texts can best be understood through an examination of their underlying structure

Jean Baudrillard - Post Modernism (TV)
idea that in postmodern culture the boundaries between the real world and the world of the media have collapsed and that it is no longer possible to distinguish between reality and simulation.

Industry
Curran and Seaton - Power and Media (N+TV)
idea that the media is controlled by a small number of companies primarily driven by the logic of profit and power

Livingstone and Lunt - Regulation (N+TV)
idea that there is an underlying struggle in recent UK regulation policy between the need to further the interests of citizens

David Hesmondhalgh - Cultural Industries (N+TV)
idea that cultural industry companies try to minimise risk and maximise audiences through vertical and horizontal integration, and by formatting their cultural products (eg through the use of stars, genres and serials)